Conclusion Technologies

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There is also the possibility of making such devices 'smart' so they can be remotely controlled or even, in a more advanced scenario, be self-regulating. Further review of drug metabolism in the posterior chamber is provided by Choonara et al.5 Designs for micro pumps The rapid development of microelectronics, however, has changed the levels of function and control of possible implanted miniature pump devices. Some initial developments have already been reported.6 Figure 1 indicates the generic structure of such an implanted pump delivery system.

At the simplest level, the miniature pump would be self-contained, with its own power source, drug reservoir and no external control over drug delivery rates. The device would be limited by the capacity of the power source and the level of drug able to be contained in the reservoir. At the end of the device's life it would have to be explanted from the eye and possible insertion of another similar unit be considered.

Conclusion Technologies already exist to enable drug delivery to the posterior chamber of the eye using micropump technology. Careful thought, however, must be given to the long-term stability of any drug selected for such delivery.

1 Gaudana R, Jwala J, Boddu SH, Mitra AK. Recent perspectives in ocular drug delivery. Pharm Res, 2009; 26(5):1197-216.

2 Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Current and future ophthalmic drug delivery systems. A shift to the posterior segment. Drug Discov Today, 2008; 13(3-4):135-43.

3 Shah SS, Denham LV, Elison JR, Bhattacharjee PS, Clement C, Huq T, Hill JM. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye for pharmacologic therapy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol, 2010 ;5(1):75-93.

4 Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, Loewenstein A, Yoon YH, Jacques ML, Jiao J, Li XY, Whitcup SM OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 2010; 117(6):1134-1146.

5 Choonara YE, Pillay V, Danckwerts MP, Carmichael TR, du Toit LC. A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases. J Pharm Sci, 2010; 99(5):2219-39.

6 Lo R, Li PY, Saati S, Agrawal R, Humayun MS, Meng E A refillable microfabricated drug delivery device for treatment of ocular diseases. Lab Chip, 2008; 8(7):1027-30.

7 Mussivand T, Hum A, Diguer M, Holmes KS, Vecchio G, Masters RG, Hendry PJ, Keon WJ A transcutaneous energy and information transfer system for implanted medical devices. ASAIO J, 1995; 41(3):M253-8.

8 Notten P. H. L, F. RoozeboomF. Niessen RAH and Baggetto L. 3-D Integrated All-Solid-State Rechargeable Batteries such as IBM 08K8192 Battery, IBM 92P1101 Battery, IBM 92P1089 Battery, IBM 92P1087 Battery, IBM 08K8196 Battery, IBM 92P1102 Battery, IBM 92P1077 Battery, IBM 92P1073 Battery, IBM 08K8199 Battery, IBM 08K8198 Battery, Advanced Materials, 2007; 19(24): 4564-4567.

9 Nguyen N, Huang X and Chuan TK, Micropumps: A Review, 2002, J Fluids Eng, 124(2): 384-392.

10 Nisar A, Afzulpurkara N, Banchong Mahaisavariyaa and Tuantranonta BD, MEMS-based micropumps in drug delivery and biomedical applications, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2008; 130(2): 917-942.

Dr Douglas Clarkson is development and quality manager at the department of clinical physics and bio-engineering, Coventry and Warwickshire University Hospital Trust (c) 2011 Reed Business Information - UK. All Rights Reserved.